Song Dynasty Free Essays

Tune Dynasty Free Essays The Song administration had assumed a significant job in China since forever. The Song line comprised of Northern Song Dynasty from 960-1127 and the Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279. It was a period of harmony and success. We will compose a custom exposition test on Tune Dynasty or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now During the Song line, there were numerous progressions and headway that individuals have never found in Chinese history. It resembled a time of brilliant age where China experienced a cutting edge and urban turn of events. China had a period of social and financial changes. Prior to the Song Dynasty, China was missing while others were getting increasingly urban and westernize. Anyway during the start of the Song Dynasty, China’s military were at their most vulnerable. The Song Dynasty was a period in which the Chinese government was feeble. Sung T’ai Tsu was the main sovereign during the Song Dynasty. He had to become head so as to bring together China. Sung T’ai Tsu made a national armed force under his immediate control. He was the one in particular who had the option to control the military. At the point when Sung T’ai Tsu died, nobody had the option to keep the military that Sung T’ai Tsu made leveled out and in this manner the military got debilitated. China didn’t have a solid military and along these lines they concentrated on creating different parts of the general public. The improvements during the Song Dynasty purchased numerous progressions and new societies to China. Training turned out to be increasingly mainstream which prompted the development of writing and expressions. The legislature had upheld their common help assessment framework so as to draft individuals into the military. During the Song Dynasty, there were changes in the academic first class. This incorporates researcher authorities and each and every individual who held assessment degree or applicants of the common assistance assessment. The world class would normally call themselves shi or shidafu, which is a term utilized since old style times to mean researcher courteous fellow and researcher official. The assessment framework assumed a focal job in the designing of these new first class. This was for the most part on the grounds that the Sony tradition was apprehensive and worried of control of the legislature by military men. The quantity of those passing the most elevated assessments before long found the middle value of four to multiple times the number in Tang administration. Researchers expected to invest more prominent energy into culminating the assessments. Through this framework, an enormous level of officialdom was selected from families living in focal and southern China. During this time, the Song researcher authorities and assessment up-and-comers were better instructed and less distinguished in their propensities. Following the thoughts of Confucianism, Song researcher authorities saw themselves as profoundly decent figures whose duty was to keep insatiable vendors and force hungry military men in their place. Neo-Confucianism additionally turned out to be notable with Zhu Xi as one of the most powerful scholars. Neo-Confucianism is a changed form of Confucianism which fuses esteems from other conviction frameworks. During the twelfth century, Zhu Xi joined Confucianism with thoughts from Buddhism and Taoism despite the fact that the Song tradition contended that Buddhism offered little way of thinking. Zhu Xi likewise made a progression of works that turned into the code of conduct. The Song Dynasty saw agrarian and innovative upgrades. Farming assumes a major job in China. Upgrades in agribusiness would improve the life and social interests of others. The development of monetary exercises leaded to advances in numerous fields of science and innovation. These upgrades in advancements prompted more and better creations and yields. Farming helped china on the grounds that the agrarian yield was utilized for the assessment income of the state. The legislature during the Song Dynasty urged individuals to purchase and terrains and put them under development. Individuals who opened up new grounds and paid duties to the legislature were allowed perpetual ownership of the new land. Innovation was one of the most advantageous enhancements during the Song Dynasty. The headway in weapons helped the Song line hold off their foes. During the war in 1040 with the Tanguts, the ruler declared the manifestations of a wide scope of weapons and attack machines. This began the developments of explosive which at the time was utilized for flammable projectiles conveyed by launches. Before long, military designers find that black powder had other extraordinary use and in this manner they concocted guns. The most recognized headway during the Song Dynasty was presenting paper cash. The Song Dynasty was the main government in history to give paper cash over gold and silver. Paper cash was on the grounds that it is simpler to heft around. The paper cash had names and seals imprinted on it by the administration. The legislature made government run industrial facilities in places like Hangzhou to print out paper cash. This made more occupations for the individuals and furthermore improved their economy. There were different headways during the Song Dynasty that changed China into who they are today. Instructions to refer to Song Dynasty, Papers

The Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Renaissance - Essay Example A nearby assessment of our American innovation and our establishments will discover numerous likenesses that had their starting point in the foundations of the Italian Renaissance. Preceding the Renaissance, practically all specialized information on science was outside the scope of the normal individual. It had been the sole property of the congregation and the first class and was accessible just through colleges. A significant specialized advancement of the Renaissance time frame was its setting information in the possession of the customary individual. As per Thomas Carlyle in Sartor Resartus distributed in 1833, He who originally abbreviated the work of copyists by gadget of versatile kinds was disbanding recruited armed forces [...] making a totally different law based world (refered to in Kreis). The creation of the print machine in 1440 gave the overall population the entrance to information and theory. The primary book of scriptures was imprinted in 1452 gave the normal man standard access to the content and lastingly affected religion. Prodded by old style theory, religion abandoned the love of the theoretical towards the ethical quality of man (Anesi) . This carried new idea to religion and realized the Reformation and modified the Christian religion for eternity. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the best specialized trailblazers of the Renaissance and he is frequently thought of as the dad of building. Be that as it may, Da Vinci was joined by others, for example, Filippo Brunelleschi, Mariano di Iacopo, and Francesco di Giorgio to lead a craftsman engineer unrest (Bjerklie, 1). Their thoughts were the premise of significant changes in agrarian gear and improvement in land the executives. One model was the substantial wheeled furrow and the pony tackle and stirrup that permitted the ground to be taken a shot at an increasingly gigantic scope. This started the premise of huge mechanical yield cultivating and permitted the ranchers to migrate to the modern places of business. This modernized horticulture and made ready for the coming Industrial Revolution. As individuals were moving from a farming based economy made conceivable by the new agrarian strategies, exchange was getting progressively significant. The recently creating country states required exchanging accomplices outside their own fringes. Optics made a huge commitment to overall route during the Renaissance time frame. The study of optics was prized by Kings as a technique required for investigation, exchange, and strength. For instance, in April 1541 an Italian offered an adaptive gadget to Henry VIII. The French minister in London detailed that 'there is an Italian here, matured around 70 years, who has demonstrated this ruler that he would make a mirror and spot it on Dover palace, in which mirror could be seen all ships that leave Dieppe' (Dupre, 19). This may have been the depiction of the reflecting telescope that has become the pillar of the present study of optics. Improved route helps and the advancing telescope made overall route, investigation, and exchange a rea lity. The Renaissance soul of investigation additionally opened up interest to different fields of science. Study of the Renaissance focused on recognition and more significance started being put on strategy and experimentation. It esteemed understanding over theoretical idea. The Renaissance is credited with being the time of the formation of the logical technique. The

Critical analysis worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic examination worksheet - Essay Example Article 2: It is ludicrous to state that cash doesn't impact governmental issues nowadays. The contention that the quantity of individuals who accept that cash can change the course of governmental issues is practically identical to the couple of individuals who have confidence in an unnatural weather change is anything but a strong contention. The previous Federal Elections Commission executive Bradley Smith discusses proof, yet he doesn't give any. Majority rules system was established on the premise that each individual reserved the option to pick government, yet the huge inundation of cash has totally disintegrated this procedure. Battles have taken on such significance that they are for the most part government officials ever appear to do, rather than concentrating on genuine arrangements that will better the nation. Article 1: The principal question I would ask would be: Are these visitor appearances started by the visitor or the system. The subsequent inquiry would be: Are visitors paid for their appearances, and if so is there a financial plan for this? Article 1: I do concur with the fundamental reason of the perusing since I realize that large corporate have the cash and political impact to have the option to make sure about visitor appearances on these link systems. I have witnessed it ordinarily where a visitor observer will not think about the opposite side of the contention, so they clearly have a type of predisposition. Article 2: I do concur that cash currently appears to control legislative issues in a manner more than ever. Simply a year ago I saw several political promotions on TV. These advertisements more likely than not cost a great many dollars, however the explanation they were indicated so much is on the grounds that lobbyists needed to get their applicant chose. Article 1: I believe that we ought to talk about the rise of these hall gatherings and worldwide corporate that can impact the democratic open to such an extent. Popular government ought to be about opportunity of conclusion, however here and there it appears we just get the chance to hear one perspective, and it may not really be the best perspective. Article 2: I believe that we ought to talk about how

Academic Writing Analysis Example free essay sample

Rather, the two focuses introduced in the postulation, which are the high dangers and costs engaged with human cloning, were not validated and explained on in his article. Content savvy, the paper presents a few powerless cases and supporting subtleties demonstrating a bombed endeavor at using a Toolkit-Warrant model. While the creator may have incorporated his own experiences, his contentions are commonly pitifully validated because of the absence of confirmations, models and references. In passage 7 for example, the essayist made an endeavor to join studies yet the absence of references and appropriate measurements makes it a frail claim.Another model happened in section 4. The creator utilized Doll Hitler as a contextual analysis; in any case, he neglected to relate his guide to the subject of human cloning. The supporting subtlety here was ineffectively evolved. In addition, the contention is a frail case since it is validated by the creators suppositions as it were. Accordingly, the contention seems unconvincing to perusers. We will compose a custom article test on Scholarly Writing Analysis Example or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Immaterial sentences are found all through the paper that may bring about clamor that diminishes exactness in getting the principle thought over. Sentence 4 in section 2, ..Would most likely profit by human cloning, negates the contention that human yearning will harm equalization of nature and surpass the universes conveying limit, which is an impediment of human cloning. Moreover, there is no clarification given on how human cloning benefits people. Consequently, it is an immaterial supporting subtlety. Toward the finish Of the passage, one more unimportant detail was found. It was referenced that the cost of oil is diminishing marginally. This is excess as the present oil costs are not straightforwardly identified with human cloning. There has all the earmarks of being errors in his essay.The elusive slant paradox, for instance, is reflected section 3. It is said that cloning will change relational intricacies and result in single child rearing of clones; subsequently, the general public will be isolated into two unmistakable gatherings that will at last offer ascent to separation between them before potentially causing a major war. There is no proof to accept that one occasion will prompt the other. Additionally, in section 6, claims, for example, a great many people would concur that are not upheld by adequate proof or measurements. This is normal for a rushed speculation when a determination is made about a populace dependent on a deficient example size. One Of the articles fundamental issues Stems from the distraction false notion. In the creator talked about the benefits of cloning creatures. The exposition was redirected from its unique principle thought. This is a type of clamor that disturbs the crowds train of musings. Therefore, the motivation behind the paper got indistinct towards the finish of the exposition when another conversation was presented; accordingly, neglecting to accomplish article solidarity. Also, there is utilization of unacceptable language that doesn't fill the need of the paper. Right off the bat, there was an over the top use of individual pronouns, for example, l and MY. Besides, certain sentences, similar to I think , are in the dynamic voice. Thirdly, a few withdrawals (I. E. Rd, cant and wouldnt) were found all through the article. Ultimately, the utilization of conversational words and articulations (I. E. that is not the point and Whatever) are clear. These show a casual tone that is inadmissible for a scholarly composition. Language can likewise influence the commotion of the paper. The nearness of qualifiers, for example, most likely and Vivaldi lessens the papers persuading capacities for example. In like manner, the absence of conjunctions and accentuations brought about a not succinct and incapable sentence in the third sudden spike in demand for sentence of section 2. Facetious inquiries are likewise as found in passages 5 and 6. These are unseemly for scholarly composition and hazard being misjudged. In any case, it is excellent that the creator for the most part fluctuated his use of straightforward, compound and complex sentences just as used differing sentence length to be viably comprehended. The papers association is fairly clear. It has been organized into the presentation, trailed by contentions and end; accordingly, inadequate with regards to the counter-contention which a decent contentious paper ought to possess.It is commonly simple to distinguish the subject of each passage, aside from section 5, notwithstanding the absence of clear point sentences; nonetheless, it would be suggested that the theme sentence is presented toward the start of each section for a superior handle of the sections principle thought. A more critical gander at the sections subject uncovered that passage 5 ought to have been put after passage 2 since both are al ong the lines of upsetting the idea of the equalization of nature. This will take into consideration better intelligence. Furthermore, change phrases were additionally used to pick up lucidness all through the essay.In end, the assessment of the article in the 3 territories (to be specific, substance, language and association) uncovered certain shortcomings of the exposition. The substance is ineffective in passing on its motivation to the crowd while improper language use brought about commotion and a casual tone, which is unique of a scholarly composition. Finally, the association of the paper gave a few merits however the general article solidarity was not accomplished. Henceforth, the article is a bit of inadequate scholastic composition to a huge degree yet can be enhanced if the above focuses are mulled over.

The Merchant of Venice was offered to Shakespeares audience as a comedy Essay Example

The Merchant of Venice was offered to Shakespeares crowd as a satire Paper The Merchant of Venice is an account of adoration and detest, force, control and disparity. It develops around Shylock, a rich Jew moneylender who lives in Venice and Venetian Christians, which have continually manhandled and mortified Shylock. The moneylender stunts Antonio, one of his abusers, to sign a security that will qualifies him for one pound of his tissue in the event that he doesnt repay the cash he obtained in a quarter of a year. Antonio acquired this cash to loan it to his companion Bassanio who needs it to go after the hand of Portia, a rich and excellent beneficiary. After Shylocks little girl, Jessica flees with a Christian and Bassanio wins Portias hand, news come that Antonios ships have been decimated and he isnt ready to pay Shylock in time. The profoundly injured Shylock needs retribution and requests a pound of Antonios tissue yet Portia reverses the situation on him during the court hearing. He not just doesnt get a pound of Antonios tissue yet a large portion of his riches is appropriated by the venetian state and hes compelled to turn into a Christian, the very thing that embarrassed and diminished him. We will compose a custom paper test on The Merchant of Venice was offered to Shakespeares crowd as a satire explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Merchant of Venice was offered to Shakespeares crowd as a satire explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Merchant of Venice was offered to Shakespeares crowd as a satire explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The explanation Shakespeares work is so well known today is that he expounded on human instinct and how individuals carry on. That is the reason The Merchant of Venice is as pertinent now as it was four centuries prior. Shakespeare composed The Merchant of Venice to be seen before white individuals in the sixteenth century. The Merchant of Venice followed different plays where Jews were included like the Jew of Malta. Not at all like in these different plays where Jews included played out a wide range of shock; Shylock is somebody who the Christians single out. In Shakespeares time white individuals were supremacist towards the outsiders. Venice was one of only a handful hardly any urban areas on the planet that had laws and offered rights to the ethnic minorities yet even so the privileges of Christians were prevalent. In the event that you prick us, do we not drain? The villainy you train me I will execute, and it will go hard yet I will better the directions. We don't know whether Shakespeare himself was bigot or not. However, from these words said by Shylock we understand that that Shakespeare saw how Shylock felt and where his indignation and contempt originated from. This story was composed to be seen before a bigot crowd who might anticipate that Shylock should be mortified and decreased at this point Shakespeare figured out how to make modern characters that can be played in various manners. Shakespeare calls attention to in this play to stories that lone instructed individuals would think about, for example, Portias reference to the Hercules and ocean beast legend that she uses to be contrasted with Troys virgins: I represent penance. The rest unapproachable are the Sardinian spouses. This uncovers the play was likewise composed for high classes that would go to when the play was appeared. Instructed individuals like these would see a greater amount of the plays unpredictability and characters. They would break down the play and see which activities started, which emotions, however from my perspective theyd have comparative perspectives towards Shylock and different characters as the remainder of the crowds. The Elizabethans crowd would have seen Antonio as honorable men of their word. On the opposite today we see Antonio as a greedy, self-important, bigot. Antonio manhandles Shylock from various perspectives just in light of the fact that he is a Jew. He considers him a doubter and numerous different names insulting his Jewish confidence, he spits on him, he kicks him. This would look typical to the Elizabethans crowds while today in the 21st century we would be offended and appalled by such conduct. Such conduct as Antonios would not go on without serious consequences and if Antonio somehow happened to mishandle Shylock today he would be captured charged and likely condemned to prison. The way that Shylock is a Jew would have naturally made him the miscreant and a subject of misuse particle by the crowd. He would have most likely been played as a detestable and dim additionally comic character. Dissimilar to us the Elizabethans crowd would have not been keen on Shylocks unpredictability. They would have not been tuning in to him nor keen on making sense of where do his sentiments of outrage and fierceness towards Christians originate from. On the opposite theyd thought that it was diverting when Shylock is profoundly stung. Detested as an outsider and unconverted Jew they would accept that he was a heathen destined for damnation. Shylock can be played in extremely changed manners. In the two forms that I have seen hes depicted in the Modern form as agent that talks with a Jewish intonation who is a decent, warm yet exacting dad and who needs to show Antonio a thing or two. He is broken to pieces from Jessicas elopement. At the point when he is given the option to cut a pound of Antonios substance he right off the bat wavers and afterward is halted by Portia. He is spoken to colder and darker in the Oliver creation in this manner increasingly noxious. Contingent upon how you speak to a character gives the crowds a view edge to see this character. The Elizabethan stage Jew would have been somebody who demonstrated contempt towards the Christians and would effectively hurt them. Portia bids herself as a certain and created young lady yet offers herself to Bassanio as unschooled young lady. She can be portrayed in restricted strategies. In the Oliver creation Portia is introduced as additional in charge, somebody that knows herself and fit for concealing sentiments. In the court she is proficient and formal. She gives her discourse on leniency standing up, conversing with Shylock from over the table. Then again, in the Modern creation Portia is likewise in charge however is spoken to as marginally gentler and delicate. In the court she takes a seat, sits close to Shylock and looking at him without flinching, tenderly clarifies him about kindness as thought he is a youngster. On the opposite with her conduct in the Oliver creation shes edgy to change Shylocks mind. The Elizabethan crowds would appreciate Portia and essentially consider her to be heavenly attendant who spared a poor shippers life. Theyd have been enchanted when Antonio is spared and Shylock begins to get charged. To them he simply was a homicidal moneylender. Presently we see Portia as a bit of savagery. We comprehend in the preliminary she cautiously designs her activities against Shylock. She thinks about the escape clause in the bond from the start, gives him three opportunities to withdraw and holds up until the exact instant hes going to cut Antonios substance when she stops him. Delay a bit, there is something different. This bond doth give thee here no scribble of blood Portias admirers Morocco and Aragon can either be deciphered as funnies or genuine. In the Oliver creation Morocco was a comic who wore conventional garments and conversed with himself while Arragon was an elderly person around 70 years old who unmistakably didn't merit Portias hand. In the Modern variant Morocco was a rich dark businessperson while Arragon was a Spaniard who utilized Spanish motions and chatted with a Spanish inflection. In spite of the fact that Aragon looked genuine he was made to be a comic. The motions and highlight shaped a fairly supremacist humor that figured out how to make me chuckle. As it was depicted as a satire Shakespeare more likely than not made the two characters funnies. The crowds would have been engaged and would likely offended these two on the off chance that they thought they were not deserving of Portias hand. Diversion races and various customs is as yet present in blockbuster films made today like Scary Movie or Black Night. The thing that matters is that today the silliness isn't embarrassing for a race. Solanio and Salarino make Shylock the subject of their jokes after his little girl flees with Lorenzo. Alluding to him as the canine Jew they state that Shylock is disturbed more about his cash than his girl fleeing: My little girl! O my ducats! O my little girl! Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats! They proceed with their exploitation in spite of the fact that they realize Shylock is lamented at his little girls vanishing. While the Elizabethan crowd would have discovered this entertaining, we consider it to be bigot and silly. All through the play there are minutes were the passionate power is high and others where its low. The fundamental, most remarkable energy in The Merchant of Venice begins to rise when we find out about Antonio ships and drops Shylock has been rebuffed. The court is an extremely tense scene. In spite of the fact that we recognize what happen we would follow the activity peacefully. To the Elizabethan crowd the play would have been obscure. In Elizabethan occasions Jews were not expected to hit back to the Christian maltreatment in this manner Shylocks activities would not have been comprehended by the crowd and viewed as shameless. The law of Venice itself denied Jews from fighting back. Shylock utilized the law to respond against Antonio. He utilized the Christian law against a Christian. This would have made him a significantly progressively detested figure by the crowd. The Elizabethan simply like the remainder of the white Christian populace thought themselves as being better tha n different races, similar to Jews. Shylock had deceived Antonio, demonstrating more knowledge than him. The Elizabethan crowd would have yelled out impolite comments. Theyd have become irate when Shylock rejects the cash and some could have even tossed food on the stage. At last when Portia stops Shylock the Elizabethans would have been thrilled. As we take a gander at Gratiano as a pitiless bigot the Elizabethans would have cherished it when he segregates and torments Shylock, participating in the separation. As indicated by them Shylock got the discipline he merited for such mischievousness. Despite the fact that todays audi

5 pieces of advice for incoming students COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

5 pieces of advice for incoming students COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Planning out your first steps at SIPA can seem daunting, and its likely youll forget a step or two. As you finalize your plans to join the ranks of Seeples  in August, there are some things I  recommend you  add to your to-do list  when you get here. Business Cards. When you arrive at SIPA, you may want to get a head start on your networking by heading over to the School of Journalism to order a set of business cards. They sure come in handy during conferences, alumni events, and interviews. Be Open to New Classes. As you prepare to register for courses, be open-minded and consider a class out of your comfort zone. You can even take a class with a grading option of Pass/Fail or register to Audit a class; these are invaluable ways to learn a new topic without the pressure of a grade. Check out Vergil  during Orientation Week, the University’s course listings database, and look out for special registration periods with the Business School, Law School, School of Journalism, Teachers College, Mailman School of Public Health, or the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. (As for your first semester, your OSA advisor will register you for your classes!) Meet Your Professors. Don’t be shy to meet outside of the classroom with your professors. Take the time to go to office hours for both your professors and your teaching assistants. Better yet, get a few students together for a meal with your professor and apply to SIPA for up to $150 in TimeOut Funding for it. Learn a Language.  If you have the time, learn a new language. Many of our classmates took a language course every semester at SIPA and it helps make your resume more attractive to know more than one language. Apply for funding for the academic year or for a summer program through the highly coveted Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship, which offers generous tuition and stipends; the deadline is usually in February. If you don’t have the time to fit in an entire class, consider brushing up on your language skills or become a language tutor through the Language Maintenance Tutorial Program at the Language Resource Center with 10, 90-minute meetings through the semester. For students who want to maintain Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew or Turkish, apply for a $300 grant to be a part of the program. Find a SIPA Career Coach. Through the Office of Career Services, you can sign up to meet with a Career Coach, professionals from a variety of organizations who have agreed to sit down with students or take a call to offer guidance about entering into and working in a particular industry. It’s a sure way to get an informational interview and build your confidence. In addition to resume reviewing and workshops, the Office of Career Services also provides other great resources like mock interviews and the MBTI personality testing. [Photo by Amir Safa]

Computer and technology - 275 Words

Computer and technology (Essay Sample) Content: THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY Student Name School Affiliation Course Title Due Date The evolution of computing has exponentially taken place over the years exponentially, this traces from devices such as the ancient Chinese abacus, the Slide rule and today's modern devices that involve digital processing to perform complex tasks like computing, gaming and graphics manipulation.  Digital computers now dominate the computing world in all areas ranging from the hand calculator to the supercomputer and are persistent throughout society and the world of business. The evolution of computing starts with the Mechanical Era (1623-1945), the idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced at least as far as the early 17th century. Mathematicians designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. One of the first commercial uses of mechanical computers was by the US Census Bureau in 1890 census CITATION Tim85 \l 1033 (Worland, 1985).   With the ever increasing need to solve complex computations the First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953) were born. They used electronic switches, in the form of vacuum tubes. The first general purposes programmable electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ENIAC was controlled by a set of external switches this led to Software technology during this period. The first programs were written out in machine code, later there was the use of symbolic notation, recognized as assembly language, and then translating of the symbolic notation into machining language with assemblers performed the translation task. Later the first commercially successful computer, the UNIVAC; in 1952 was developed CITATION Pau10 \l 1033 (Atkinson, 2010). In the move to overcome bulkiness and achieve increasing computational speeds the Second Generation computers were born (1954-1962) .Electronic switches of diodes and transistors were replaced for switches. The first machines to be built with this technology include TRADIC at Bell Laboratories, high level programming languages were introduced, including FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959). One of the first commercial machines of this era was the IBM 704. This saw the first two supercomputers designed specifically for numeric processing in scientific applications CITATION Mar05 \l 1033 (Frauenfelder, 2005). With the bell technology of printing electronic circuits and components on silicon semiconductor wafers the Third Generation was born in (1963-1972). This was marked by the use of integrated circuits, semiconductor memories replaced the magnetic cores leading to complex processors. The first ICs were based on small-scale integrat...

What Influences the Fashion Trends Essay - 1854 Words

What Influences the Fashion Trends? Introduction Every generation has their own style; something that sets them apart from the previous generations. So why does our generation choose to wear the clothing that they do? Of course we dont want to dress like our parents, but there are other factors involved in developing the style of a generation. Marketing, advertising, and the media all try to influence the way our generation dresses. Their reasons are mainly profit based. We also make our clothing choices based on the Functionality of the garment. Consumers of our generation often look at the comfort, durability, and adaptability of a piece before purchasing. History has had a great influence on the look of most clothing worn†¦show more content†¦Whatever the reason, we are a generation that loves to shop. The youth of today are extremely brand loyal. According to Americas Research Group, the use of brand names is the second most effective advertising method when targeting teens. Only the giveaways of products like CDs and posters of popular brand names surpass this. Brand names serve as status symbols. To have Hilfiger or FUBU showing on ones clothing is to be recognized as cool. And, while sporting those brand names, we are also endorsing that brand. What better than to have everyday kids advertising for a company? Unfortunately, due to global youth marketing, teen tend to dress much the same. With a large portion of our generation looking the same, a good way for individuals to stand out is through what they wear. While 50% of teens are buying only brand names (Ebenkamp), what is the other 50% buying? Breaking away from brand names, a current fashion trend is the rise of retro History Repeats Itself History plays a large part in todays fashion trends. Many styles of today copy the past. Retro is clothing influenced by styles from throughout history. Generation Y is notorious for bringing back the fashions of previous generations. In fact during the final decade of the 20th century, fashion revivals almost caught up with themselves. In the early 1990s the styles of the late 1960s and early 1970s were inspirational, and by the mid 1990s aspects of 1980sShow MoreRelatedWhat Influences The Fashion Trends?1564 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: What influences the Fashion Trends? Background/History: Every Generation generates their own style, something that distinguishes them from past generations. Just like people individually, we are all unique in our own way and have characteristics and traits that set us apart from another individual. No one wants to be someone else or no one wants to look like another which is why we initiate our own style that fits us as a whole. This is what happens in fashion. As new generations are broughtRead MoreHigh Fashion And Streetwear Styles Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pages2016 High Fashion and Streetwear In modern society there exists an enormous spectrum of fashion, each individual person’s fashion style is heavily influenced by their environment, interests, and many other factors. Among the vast variety of styles present in today’s fashion culture, streetwear and high fashion are two of the most distinctive and prominent styles, having a huge influence on how the general population dresses. High fashion and streetwear are two styles that heavily influence the publicRead MoreRacial Identity And Its Influence On Young People Of Diverse Backgrounds1505 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral dominant fashions, they have also begun to challenge traditional boundaries. In particular, the hipster trend eliminates many gender specific styles, has opened a new front of acceptance and tolerance for new notions of gender identity, which were formerly highly confrontational. However, as with all popular trends has become difficult for many young people not to conform to the hipster trend , especially when the fashion industries and other influences integrate the trend into society, untilRead MoreThe Psychological Reasons For The Media Industry Affects Fashion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthe psychological reasons as to why people follow trends Objectives: - To identify the meaning of a trend - To understand the psychological explanations as to why trends have become a very important element of the Fashion industry - To find out how the Media industry affects Fashion - To explore studies which support the main points in this paper Introduction The purpose of this essay is to study the process of trends being set as well as followed. It will also focusRead MoreInfluence of Magazines on Indian Women820 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence of lifestyle magazines on Indian women. Introduction. Most women today live in fashion. There is that natural desire in every woman to look good, feel good and live well. Popular fashion magazines are the ultimate source of the most modern fashion trends. They are a womans best friend in terms of looking hip, stylish and trendy. If women would like to know the latest in fashion and trends that will make them feel best about themselves, they get themselves lifestyle magazines. LifestyleRead MoreFashion Is A Big Part Of Society And It Is Indispensable For Us1208 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction Fashion is a big part of society and it is indispensable for us. Without fashion our life have no tastes because fashion has a lot of possibilities of changing our life. According to The Telegraph, A spokesman for clothes giant Matalan which polled 2,491 women and was based on 16 to 60 age. They found that women spend an average 16 minutes deciding what to wear on every morning and 14 minutes on weekend in front of their closet. You just did not notice that our life is influencedRead More1950s Fashion Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesFashion for women has become a major part of all decades and has changed constantly from day one. From one decade to another the trends and styles of clothes alternated drastically. The 1950’s started with long, flowy dresses. 1960’s moved to more playful, knee-length dresses. 1970’s was tight fitting clothes and platform shoes. 1980’s was all about bright colors. 1990’s included thrift shop clothes and more of a hip-hop style. Lastly, the 2000’s is all about short skirts and movie orientated clothesRead MoreThe Effect of Globalization on Fashion with Special Reference to the Impact of Japanese Designs on the European Scene1521 Words   |  7 Pagesct Analyse the effect of ‘Globalization’ on fashion with special reference to the impact of Japanese designs on the European scene. The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as „world fashion‟. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalization ofRead MoreThe Effect of Globalization on Fashion with Special Reference to the Impact of Japanese Designs on the European Scene1527 Words   |  7 Pagesct Analyse the effect of ‘Globalization’ on fashion with special reference to the impact of Japanese designs on the European scene. The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as „world fashion‟. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalizationRead Morepositives and negative effects of the fashion1420 Words   |  6 Pagesof fashion We can argue whether or not the fashion industry has more of a positive or negative effect on people of today, regardless we can agree that the fashion industry has grown to become very popular and influential. It seems as if everyone is trying to pursue a career in this field. Here are 10 positives of the fashion industry.   1. New designs- designers are able to create new designs for those people who have a love for fashion. It is an enjoyment they feel when seeing a new trend get

Financial Problem Among Students - 817 Words

Introduction â€Å"No money no talk†. Money, money and money. People always mentioned this word in their life. Do you think money is important in our life besides food, shelter and love? If you think so, then why we need it? Nowadays, we always heard about bank robbery, snatch thefts, loan sharks and others through media. Why did these crimes happened? It is because they have financial problem in their life until they involved in crimes. Financial problem also happened among students especially when they further their study away from their hometown. Students always complaint about sort of money. 1.2 Statement of Problem This paper examines the reasons student have poor financial management, spending on non-necessary things or overspend†¦show more content†¦They can be easily influenced by their friend. Especially when they spend their money at expensive places like Pizza Hut, McDonalds and Starbucks. Spending your money at expensive places easily can make your money gone so fast. Besides, they like to follow their friend’s trend and lifestyle. For example, when their friends having a new mobile phones then the individual start to feel envy and make a desire toShow MoreRelatedBankruptcy Among Youth1748 Words   |  7 Pagesrepayment for car purchase loan. In short, the problem of bankruptcy among youth has to be taken seriously. 2.0 Problem Statement Statistics by the AKPK indicated that the number of individual bankruptcy cases had raised by 11.2% to 18,053 cases in 2010 and increased by a further 6.2% to 19,167 cases in 2011 (Curbing Credit Card Abuse, 2012). According to a survey by the Education and Research Association for Consumers, the number of Malaysians in financial distress appears to have increased, as evidencedRead MoreResearch Study, Utilization of Mobile Financial Services Among UM CBAE Students572 Words   |  3 PagesDesign The study entitled ‘Utilization of Mobile Financial Services Among UM CBAE Students’ was a quantitative research that serves to supply the general populace with the necessary information. The research design that will be used in the conduct of the study is a descriptive survey method where it can easily determine the current profile of the CBAE students of University of Mindanao. The study can also determine the significant differences among groups of respondents. Their similarities and differencesRead MoreThe Cost of Tuition Among Colleges and Universities in Highly Diversified and Indefinite926 Words   |  4 PagesThe cost of tuition among colleges and universities is highly diversified and indefinite. Students shouldn’t be financial problems that are associated with the high tuition cost for their education because it creates unnecessary stress and financial problems. The student’s primary concern should be their academic performance and learning. The tuition fee includes extracurricular expenses such as lifestyle amenities that may not be essential toward the student education yet they are still being chargedRead MoreFinancial Knowledge And Its Effects On Financial Management1617 Words   |  7 Pagesevaluating people’s financial management, it is easy to find that financial knowledge produce significant effects on the effectiveness of people’s financial behaviors. On the one hand, the level of people’s financial knowledge will affect their financial investment and financial management. Chen and Volpe surveyed 924 college students to examine their financial literacy and the relationship between financial literacy and student’s characteristics. They found that the level of personal financial literacy couldRead MoreEssay on Marketing Research Example1738 Words   |  7 PagesTarget Market 3 Problem Statement 4 Research Plan 4-5 Primary Research 6 Secondary Research 6 Sample Survey 7 Test Pilot Report 8 Focus Group 8 Recommendations 8 Works Cited 9 Executive Summary JoBDeK Research will perform research to collect and compile data regarding the Blackhawk Technical College Financial Aid Department’s service and favorability among current students. Our goal is to answer the question â€Å"What are students’ attitudes towards the Financial Aid DepartmentRead MoreProblems Within Education Today s Education Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesProblems Within Education Today For my extra credit assignment I would like to research, and write about the problems in education today. According to chapter eight in the book, worldwide one in five adults can not read or write, two thirds of them being women. The problems we are facing in education can be linked to other social problems such as poverty or unemployment, seeing that those who graduate college make up twenty percent of the unemployment rate, compared to the forty percent of the unemploymentRead MoreThe Effects Of Financial Stress Among Domestic College Students1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause of Financial Stress among Domestic College Students Money is always a common factor leading to stress. People determine financial stress as a kind of stress caused by debts and inevitably huge amount spending (Hillman, 2015, para.4). A college student faces $40000 tuition every year, so it is fair to say college students struggle with financial stress. Moreover, financial stress has the tendency to become an â€Å"ongoing and chronic type of stress†, which will attribute to several seriouslyRead MoreBenefits Of Gambling Among College Students1147 Words   |  5 PagesGambling Among College Students Gambling is risking money or something of value on uncertain events driven by chance. Most people see gambling as just another form of fun. Gambling often becomes a sensitive issue for the gambler and their family. This is especially important to consider, since the practice of gambling among college students is constantly growing with the rise of internet-based gambling.Though gambling is legal in many states, it does not make it right for people to engage in suchRead MoreAssessment And Problem Formulation Of Fice Of Student Life At The Ohio State University1627 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment and Problem Formulation Our practice context is the counseling and consultation service of the Office of Student Life at the Ohio State University. We provide a variety of counseling to students such as individual, group, psychiatry, nutritional counseling, couple’s counseling, etc. We provide workshops, crisis debriefing, and community referral. The counseling and consultation service wants to help students with stress management, anxiety, depression, relationship problems, transitionsRead MoreEducation Reform Needs For A Higher Education System1142 Words   |  5 Pagesto be one of the top priorities among our country. Our current educational system requires people to pay thousands of dollars for a higher education. Students are forced to take out loans that put them into severe debt for the duration of their live. Low-income students, especially, do not have many options nor are they able to afford higher education and the price is steadily increasing. It is the government’s duty to make this at the forefront of their problems because education is tied to national

Xenia in the Odyssey Essay - 760 Words

The concept of guest hospitality is extremely important in ancient Greece. Hospitality, or Xenia, is so essential in Greek society that Zeus, in addition to being the king of the Gods, is also the God of travelers (Wikipedia). This created an obligation for the host to be hospitable to their guests, and conversely, the guests had their own responsibilities as well. If either the host or the guest was to break any rule set by Xenia, there would be severe penalties dealt by Zeus and also by society (Wikipedia). In The Odyssey, Xenia is a theme which is shown repeatedly throughout the book: Nestor and Menelaos take in Telemakhos warmly as a guest and Eumaios plays an excellent host to Odysseus, while Odysseus is disguised as a wandering†¦show more content†¦However, the suitors did the worst thing a guest could do and, although in vain, plotted to kill Telemakhos as they feared that he would return from his trip to Pylos and Sparta with news of Odysseus. This is perhaps the big gest violation of Xenia that a guest can possibly commit and is punishable by death. In addition to overstaying their welcome and basically taking over the palace as their own, they also treated other guests of the palace poorly despite being guests themselves. In Book XX, Odysseus returned to his palace disguised as a stranger when the suitors were enjoying one of their banquets. Odysseus went around collecting scraps from the suitors so that he would learn to distinguish the good from the bad among them. However, Odysseus inspection was not appreciated by Antinoos, and instead of giving him food as the others had done, he threw a stool at Odysseus, and struck him on the back (Greek Mythology Link). Without knowing it, the suitors, through Antinoos’ actions, had attacked their host which was another crime punishable by death. Certainly, the suitors were aware of the consequences of their actions. Otherwise, when Antinoos threw the stool at Odysseus, the others wouldn’t worry that Zeus could be in the guise of the beggar. The suitors have been going against the values of Xenia for so long that they knew it was a matter of time before they’re punished for their actions; it wasn’t merelyShow MoreRelatedXenia in the Odyssey1993 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Xenia in The Odyssey and it’s Consequences One of the most important themes in The Odyssey is the concept of xenia, which is the old Greek word for hospitality. In modern times, hospitality is something we rarely think of, and the first thing that comes to mind is the hotel industry, but in ancient Greece, xenia was not about hotels, or just about etiquette, it was a way of life with many benefits in a world that was still mostly savage. Xenia was more than just being polite toRead MoreAnalysis Of Xenia And The Odyssey 889 Words   |  4 PagesSignificance of Xenia in the Works of Homer: Hospitality in the Illiad and the Odyssey The concept of Xenia was extremely significant in ancient Greek culture. As such, it played a prominent role in the works of authors, most specifically Homer. In fact, some of the most significant information we have about the concept of Xenia, as it relates to cultural norms come from the work of Homer, and the examples of hospitality demonstrated in the protagonist’s journeys in the Iliad and the Odyssey. More specificallyRead MoreWhy Is Xenia Such an Important Theme in the Odyssey?1211 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Xenia such an important theme in the Odyssey? Explain your views and support them with details from the poem. (45 marks) The concept of guest hospitality was extremely important in ancient Greece. Evidence that Xenia was integral to Greek society can be found in the fact that Zeus, the king of the Gods, was also portrayed as the God of Xenia. Xenia created an obligation for the host to be hospitable to their guests, and conversely, the guests had their own responsibilities too. If eitherRead MoreGood and Bad Xenia in The Odyssey by Homer892 Words   |  4 Pagespresenting good xenia to guests. xenia is commonly used to portray hospitality or a guest/host relationship. xenia, is important in Ancient Greek society. Zeus is the God of travelers, in addition to being the king of the Gods. This forces for the host to feel obliged to treat their guests with much hospitality, and vice versa with guests, serving with high responsibility. Zeus would severely punish those who break the fine rules of xenia and hospitality. In the epic,â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer, thereRead MoreThe Significance of Xenia in Homer‚Äà ´s The Odyssey1261 Words   |  6 PagesKaitlyn Lambert MR. Bovaird Honors English 9 23 May 2010 The Significance of Xenia in Homer’s Odyssey The society of Ancient Greece was very much centered around the gods, and a healthy fear of the consequences of not obeying their laws. The next most important staples of the society were the concepts of braver, pride, and hospitality, or Xenia. The significance of these values is shown quite clearly in The Odyssey of Homer. In the first five books of the epic, Telemachos is shown great hospitalityRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Epic Of The Iliad And Odyssey903 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal narrative, I will analyze two themes from Homer’s epic’s pertaining to the Iliad and the Odyssey. I have chosen hospitality (Xenia) and shame (Aidos) as the subject of interest, and will focus on these as a main source of the topic. Xenia is the ancient Greek word for â€Å"hospitality†, which is the consideration and kindness shown to those who are far from home and/or associates of the person bestowing xenia upon them. The rituals of hospitality created and conveyed a reciprocal relationship betweenRead MoreHospitality As A Code Of Conduct1074 Words   |  5 Pages Hospitality was deeply embedded in ancient Greek culture. Hospitality was very important and seen as a code of conduct. The term used to describe the concept of Ancient Greek hospitality was xenia. Xenia is basically the generosity and courtesy shown to guests, strangers, or those far from home. Xenia consists of two rules. The first rule is from host to guest, in which the host must be hospitable to the guest and provide basic needs (food, drink, and a bath). The host also has to hold all questioningRead MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey 1368 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of xenia in The Odyssey William Shakespeare, in Timon Of Athens Act III Scene line 39 writes : I charge thee, invite them all: let in the tide of knaves once more; my cook and I ll provide† Shakespeare is explaining to his readers that he will invite everyone in and he will cook for them meaning that he will provide everything to his guests. Similarly, in The Odyssey Odysseus without knowing it is providing for all the suitors with a home and food for endless days. The Odyssey has manyRead MoreXenia As A Major Key Of A Civilized Society896 Words   |  4 PagesXenia Hospitality is a very diverse tradition leading all the back to the Mycenaean era. During the time period of The Odyssey, the Greeks considered hospitality a major key of a well civilized society. Throughout The Odyssey, Xenia was an extremely significant theme which was recalled many times throughout the poems. Odysseus throughout the way has shown he is exceedingly hospitable. The Odyssey reflects Xenia through Odysseus’s journey of: Odyessus’s Crew, nymphs, and the Gods. Xenia was shownRead MoreFar Removed From Our Individualistic Society Today Is The1514 Words   |  7 Pagesindividualistic society today is the ancient Greece portrayed in The Odyssey, by Homer, where hospitality and good-will are a given in the lives of decent, moral people. As commanded by Zeus himself, those who wish the favor of the Gods must welcome foreign and domestic visitors with hospitality. The term developed to describe this concept is the Latin, xenia or guest-friendship. In ancient Greek literature, forms of the word xenia (ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ µÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±), are fairly common: Homer s two books, for example, contain

Education and Social Mobility Essay - 2015 Words

When I was young my family are poor. But when I growth up my family is locate in between middle class and upper class. And right now I do live in Scotland to study my undergraduate degree. According to the question from my experience education can help you survive. Because education is considerate to be a social status in today society. With good education you can get good career and earn a lot of money. â€Å"Social mobility is Upward or downward movement within a stratification system. Liberal theory claims that capitalist societies are open-class and therefore one can expect a high degree of social mobility. According to liberal theory this movement within a stratification system should result from a persons achievements and should not be†¦show more content†¦Moreover In many countries the connection between family wealth, family background and education opportunities is still very powerful. Because people from high class in society tend to receive advantage to support them self in term of long period educational career and qualification better than low class societies, Due to the power of wealth. (Shavit and Blossfeld, 1993). For some reason when the education people enter the labour market. Because education qualification that a person acquiring seem to be advantage for that person if the qualification of education is high. In addition education qualifications seem to be relating to the social background of each person and their later social class background. Therefore the education qualification might be one the reason that support social inequalities and decrease social mobility. Education admission, Education institution are part of a very important process in selection, certification and maintain or reducing social inequalities. For example in the last centuries Scotland was the case study of a significant change in education system from selective to comprehensive system (Ianelli Paterson, 2005). This has received a very optimistic positive result. Moreover the comprehensive system in Scotland education was decreasing social inequalities in education. Education qualification has been link to the parental socialShow MoreRelatededucation and social mobility1978 Words   |  8 Pages I.D. # 20123656 Education and Social Mobility Students who attend traditional schools have a greater opportunity for social mobility than students who attend non-traditional schools in Jamaica. Historically, due to our post-colonial background, that of the plantation society, education was only afforded to the white, upper class individuals. In order to establish and reinforce a hierarchy of power and ownership, wealthy capitalists ensured first-rate education for their children, whileRead MoreSocial Mobility Of Poor Kids Should Depend On College Education1411 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Mobility of Poor Kids Should depend on College Education Andrew Simmons, author of the article â€Å"The Danger of Telling Poor Kids That College is the Key to Social Mobility,† argues that educators have utilized one tool in the toolbox to inspire minority students into believing that their upward social mobility is dependent on four years of college education. These educators only considered the difference in earning power of college graduates versus high school graduates to buttressRead MoreEducation Is The Most Vital Factor For Achieving Upward Social Mobility1164 Words   |  5 Pages1. It is clear that education is the most vital factor in achieving upward social mobility. A person who has a higher education will help them gain a higher income which is an important means for upward social mobility. However, although education grants an easier access to mobility, it does not provide equality for everyone. In our society, education has been an important factor in determining an individual social class position. The relationship between family background and educational opportunityRead MoreThe Education System Can Influence Upward Or Downward Social Mobility By Conflict Theory858 Words   |  4 PagesThe education system can influence upward or downward social mobility by conflict theory. Social mobility is ability to change social class. In conflict theory education is defined as a tool used by the wealthy to maintain the separation of social classes. In a school administrators control teachers, teachers control students, and students control other students. This order, in a sense, helps students understand the order of capitalism. Just as an employer has to adhere to the manager, studentsRead MoreIntergenerational Mobility : From Sri Lanka982 Words   |  4 PagesIntergenerational Mobility; from Sri Lanka to Canada My father was a farmer in Sri Lanka and due to his financial situation, he couldn’t attain a proper education. After he immigrated to Canada he worked as a chef at a restaurant and he had financial stability. As a result of an unforeseen car accident, he lost his well-paying job and he works currently as a janitor for minimum wage. I might experience intergenerational mobility as I am currently studying in university with aspirations to becomeRead MorePublic Goods, Private Goods : The American Struggle Over Educational Goals1575 Words   |  7 Pagesgoal is social efficiency, which creates workers and is viewed by taxpayers and employers as a goal to prepare students for market roles. Lastly is the third goal of social mobility, where individual success for attractive market roles is the main purpose. This primary goal of education has been ever fluctuating. The argument of this essay is that social mobility has now triumphed over democratic equality and social efficiency as the primary goal of education due to parents. This view of social mobilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Colonialism On Social Mobility Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pageseffect of post-colonialism was still real, education was only affordable to the whites and the upper-class families. This brought about the hierarchy of power where the wealthy capitalist accessed first class education for their children, and basically excluding the low-class children from this system of education (Croxford 372). This, therefore, leads to inequality to social mobility, where the lower class members have less opportunity for social mobility. Mainly due to the fact that individuals fromRead MoreSocial Inequality And Its Impact On Academic Achievement1560 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing, social mobility. It is this that allowed one to come here with nothing and go from poor to middle class and beyond. It is what has defined us as a nation for so long and it is what drew so many of millions of immigrants to our shores. But as the social wealth gap grows larger and larger we must ask ourselves where this opportunity has gone for so many. Why is it that so many are failing to achieve this once so imaginable dream? What is causing the decrease in social mobility? Although itRead MoreSocial Mobility : The Land Of Opportunity1527 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout their life. Studying social mobility helps to answer this question. Being that the United States is called â€Å"the land of opportunity† it can be said that there is plenty of room for social mobility in America. However, this has been a question of debate among Americans for years. While some citizens of America may believe social mobility has stayed consistent through the centuries, in fact, it is more realistic for people to achieve today. Social mobility defines how an individual or groupRead MoreDoes Social Mobility Provide Evidence For The Demise Of Social Class?1505 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Does ‘social mobility’ provide evidence for the demise of social class?† In this essay, I will be gathering information and discussing the possible evidence regarding whether or not it is a component of the ‘demise’ of social class. I will be including relevant and up to date information as well as introducing sociologists such as Karl Marx and Max Weber. Also, I will be including references and a bibliography to support my discussion. Social mobility can be defined as â€Å"the movement of individuals

Corruption in India Free Essays

No one questions the prevalence of corruption in India. The politicians of the two principal parties may blame each other but the fact of corruption is inescapable. What is more, corruption in India is not news. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has been around since the early years of Independence. Nehru was appalled to notice the behaviour of Congress legislators in UP as early as 1946. He thought they had violated all the provisions of the Indian Penal Code in one way or another! India also has a lot of laws to fight corruption. There have been inquiries and commissions on corruption going back more than fifty years. There have been several attempts over the last forty years to pass the Lokpal legislation and the latest one is still pending. The Anna Hazare movement has waxed and waned. Across India, be it mining scams in Karnataka, housing scams in Maharashtra, 2G, Taj Corridor, Bihar fodder scandal etc; there are corruption scandals, some pending, some abandoned, some yet to come up for prosecution everywhere you look. It cannot be that India needs another law to fight corruption. India has from the colonial days a tough legislative structure on proper behaviour in the public services very much on the old British model. B K Nehru in his memoirs relates how as a young ICS officer, he was chewed out by his superiors for accepting a free cinema pass from some cinema owner. He was told he was not to accept even unsolicited gifts, let alone ask for under-the-table cash. Gulzarilal Nanda, twice interim prime minister, retired to his two-room flat in Ahmedabad and lived in modest circumstances till he died. Over twenty plus years in office, including ministries which have subsequently become ATM ministries, he retired without taking a penny illegally. What has changed? It cannot be the laws but behaviour which is the key to the tolerance of corruption. India’s system of governance has been inherited from Western sources; it is based on what one might call after the great sociologist Max Weber, Weberian rationality. People within a hierarchical structure behave according to certain rules and norms. The superiors respect their inferiors and the latter reciprocate. Their transactions are defined by impersonal rules. If they at all associate with each other outside work, it would be by chance or old connections. One would not seek personal relationship with one’s superiors. I recall when in my first job in Berkeley, California, my boss hosted his daughter’s wedding, he did not invite any of his colleagues. I realised that that was the norm. His daughter’s wedding was not related to his work. It is not that corruption is not found in Western societies but it always comes as a shock because it does not meet with social approval. In Indian culture, interpersonal relations at work are modelled on family and kin relations. You pay respect to your superiors, seek their blessings, propitiate them with gifts and humble yourself before them. The superiors regularly treat their inferiors as they would young adults within their joint family and would think nothing of asking them to carry out tasks outside their professional remit. Giving a gift to your superior for Diwali, or on their birthday or their daughter’s wedding is not only not frowned upon, it is approved of. Indeed your fellow workers competing with you for promotion would be busy outdoing you in size of their gifts. The Party leader would expect the local agents to spread out the red carpet and look after his least important needs. In short, in India there is no separation between formal rules of behaviour at work and family or kin relation behaviour. As soon as you can, you make your superior your ‘uncle’, his wife becomes your mausi. You are expected to invest resources in maintaining your status in your workplace. All this requires money over and above your legal pay and perks. It also counts as corruption on strict formal Weberian rules. And yet the sort of behaviour is not only approved but applauded. Corruption may be as Indian as daal chawal. We are like that only. How to cite Corruption in India, Essay examples Corruption in India Free Essays Corruption in India is a major issue and adversely affects its economy. [1] A 2005 study conducted by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully. [2][3] In its 2008 study, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4] In 2012 India has ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International’sCorruption Perceptions Index, tied with Benin, Colombia, Djibouti, Greece, Moldova, Mongolia, and Senegal. [5] Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and National Rural Health Mission. [6][7] Other daily sources of corruption include India’s trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways. 8] Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, deny these allegations. [9][10] The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery, and the lack of transparent laws and processes. 11][12] There are significant variations in level of corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India. The economy of India was under socialist-inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the late 1980s. The economy was characterised by extensive regulation,protectionism, and public ownership, policies vulnerable to pervasive corruption and slow growth. [13][14][15][16] In 1960s, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari suggested License Raj was often at the core of corruption. 17] The Vohra Report, submitted by the former Indian Union Home Secretary, N. N. Vohra, in October 1993, studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India. [18] The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians — of all political parties — and the protection of government functionaries. 19] According to Jitendra Singh, â€Å"in the bad old days, particularly pre-1991, when the License Raj held sway, and by design, all kinds of free market mechanisms were hobbled or stymied, and corruption emerged almost as an illegitimate price mechanism, a shadowy quasi-market, such that scarce resources could still be allocated within the economy, and decisions could get made. †¦ These were largely distortions created by the politico-economic regime. While a sea change has occurred in the years following 1991, some of the distorted cultural norms that took hold during the earlier period are slowly being repaired by the sheer forces of competition. The process will be long and slow, however. It will not change overnight. â€Å"[20] One of the major problems and obstacles to development in India has been endemic corruption and political inertia to change. [21] As of December 2008, 120 of India’s 523 parliament members were accused of crimes, under India’s First Information Report procedure wherein anyone can allege another of committing a crime. 22] Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high levels of government, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the 2G spectrum scam, the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam and the Adarsh Housing Society scam, Coal Mining Scam, mining scandal in Karnataka and cash for vote scam. A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government and business practices. Notable organisations include: * Bharat Swabhiman Trust established by well known Yog Guru Swami Ramdev running a large campaign against black money and corruption since last 10 years. 5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the zero rupee note, a valueless note designed to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes. * India Against Corruption is a movement created by a citizens from a variety of professions and statuses to work against corruption in India. It is currently headed by Anna Hazare. [67] * Jaago Re! One Billion Votes is an organisation originally founded by Tata Tea and Janaagraha to increase youth voter registration. [68] They have since expanded their work to include other social issues, including corruption. 69] * Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA) is an NGO focused on grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka. One organisation, the Lok Satta Movement, has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-fledged political party, the Lok Satta Party. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, whenJayaprakash Narayan won the election for the Kukatpally Assembly Constituency in Andhra Pradesh. How to cite Corruption in India, Papers

Determination of Factors Contributing to Success free essay sample

These factors will be uncovered by nalyzing the internal and external factors influencing strategic alliances and the phases through which these alliances evolve. In order to provide this research study with a practical element two case studies within the airline industry have been incorporated, namely the Swissair Qualiflyer Alliance and Star Alliance. These case studies represent a successful and an unsuccessful alliance, which are analyzed on a basis of the provided literature study, in this case the phases through which these evaluation of the case studies numerous supportive results were identified, ontributing toward establishing determinant factors, which emphasize the importance of a successful implementation of the different phases, however limitations affect the reliability of this study, due to the lack of evidence found in various different phases. Keywords: strategic alliances, internal and external factors, strategic alliance phases Introduction In past years a visible increase in the amount of strategic alliances, concerning firms with varying economic objectives, was observed (Das, Teng 2000). Strategic alliances are the relatively enduring inter-firm cooperative arrangements, involving flows and inkages that utilize resources and/or governance structures from autonomous organizations, for the Joint accomplishment of individual goals linked to the corporate mission of each sponsoring firm (Parkhe 1991, p. ). The amount of strategic alliances has recently doubled, predicting additional raise in the future (Booz, Allen, Hamilton 1997). Especially alliances in the form of non-equity based, which are defined as two or more firms developing a contractual-relationship in order to establish competitive advantage by combining resources and capabilities (Globerman 007), have increased in importance which is visible in non equity alliances accounting for 80 per cent (Hagedoorn 1996). Strategic alliances provide firms with the opportunity to recognize synergies through combining operations, such as in research and development, manufacturing etc (Aaker 1995; Addler 1966). The growth of strategic alliances is related to growing competition and globalization (Das, Teng 2000). This is in alignment with Doz and Hamels (1998) view which states that globalization as well as changes in economic activities is a consequence for the growth in strategic alliances, which is visible in various different industries Hagedoorn 1993). The primary reasons for the growth of the number of alliances is 1) the ability of cost savings in executing operations 2) the ability to access particular markets 3) the reducing of financial and political risk in addition to cheapest labor and production costs (Wheelen, Hungar 2000). A strategic alliance by definition is a hybrid organizational form which Jensen and Meckling (1991) refer to as a network organization. Harbison and Pekar (1998) highlight numerous common characteristics visible within strategic alliances, namely a required commitment of at least ten years, he connection of the partners is based on equity or on shared capabilities, a complementary relationship based on a shared strategy, increasing companies value in the market place, the pressuring of competitors and the willingness of sharing and leveraging core capabilities. Nevertheless, strategic alliances have noticeable high instability rates (Das, Teng 2000); furthermore, according to Kalmbach and Roussel (1999) the failure rates are approximately as high as 70 per cent. Studies conducted by Das and Teng (2000) reportedly state that encountered problems are witnessed in he first two years of two thirds of all alliances. This study is going to provide a more in-depth analysis on the factors that are necessary for determining success in all strategic alliances. Starting with an analysis of strategic alliances based on the as to which extent these factors play a crucial role in the determination of success rate of strategic alliances. In order to incorporate a practical view on the strategic alliances, this study will additionally implement two case studies to the analysis. Conceptual Model [pic] This conceptual model starts the literature study on strategic alliances as a central concept. From this central concept, emphasis is drawn on internal and external factors influencing strategic alliances, as well as on the different phases through which alliance evolve. Additionally, strategic alliances lead to either successful or unsuccessful alliances. Based on the research from Bronder and Pritzl (1992), Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001), Waddock (1989) and Wolhstetter, Smith and Malloy (2005), a framework of seven phases is established. Within these seven phases the most important activities and processes are analyzed, including reasoning behind strategic alliances, potential intensions for forming strategic alliances, partner election, external factors influencing the design of the strategic alliance, negotiation methods, followed by the structuring of the alliance. Furthermore, implementation and management of the strategic alliance is examined. Finally, the last two phases concerning the evaluation of the formation of strategic alliances and the termination of the partnership are discussed. Resulting from this literature study are two outcomes, namely a successful implementation of the phases and an unsuccessful implementation. In order to apply a practical element to this thesis, two case studies ill be analyzed, those of Qualiflyer, which turned out to be an unsuccessful alliance and Star Alliance, which was able to incorporate a success strategic alliance in the airline industry. After analyzing the cases the findings compared to the literature analysis, will hopefully correlate to each other and the determinants that influence more success in alliances can be established. Problem Statement Based on past literature research studys the outcomes of implementing strategic alliances as a change strategy in organizations is unfavorable, especially when looking at the failure rates. Nevertheless, the adoption of strategic alliances is a customary implemented firm strategy (Gulati 1998), as a means of securing their competitive position. Much research is conducted in order to provide more guidance in determining factors that achieve sustainable strategic alliances, therefore in this thesis the main research question is; What factors determine the success of strategic alliances? This research question will be addressed by the help of analyzing and answering these various sub-questions; Why do firms choose strategic alliances as a change process? What are the potential ntentions of a strategic alliance? activities and processes occur in which phase? Preview of the organization of the thesis This report begins by indicating the problem that strategic alliances are a favorable organizational change strategy in the business world today, however the failure rate is extremely high. Secondly, by applying literature analysis the main determinants influencing more success in strategic alliances will be uncovered, which will be coupled to the case study part of the thesis where the determinants will be compared to the specific cases. Finally, the thesis will conclude on the part if the eterminants uncovered in the literature study correlate to the findings in the case study. Methodology and Research Design In this thesis the methodology contained two specific approaches, including a literature study as well as evaluating two case studies. Firstly, the literature analysis was conducted; with as primary focus an in-depth analysis of academic articles. The findings of the literature study are compared to two case studies, those of the Qualiflyer alliance and Star Alliance. These two cases were chosen because they represent the different outcomes an alliance can hold, namely the successful mplementation the alliance strategy at Star Alliance and the unsuccessful outcome of an alliance strategy of the Qualiflyer alliance. In addition, even though these two examples vary substantially in size, which provides difficulty when comparing the two alliances, they both started off at reasonably the same size; therefore this thesis incorporated these two examples anyway. This evaluation will be conducted by means of desk research, exploring the different implementations of this strategy. The time frame of the case studies is from the first phase up until the last phase, through hich they evolved, in order to identify dependent unsuccessful and successful aspects. The significance of implementing case studies in this thesis is relating the findings from the literature analysis to real life cases of both a successful alliances as well as a non-successful alliance. Furthermore, comparing if the determinants of success found in the literature analysis correlate with the factors observed in the cases. Internal versus External factors Influencing Strategic Alliances Our internal tensions perspective framework (Figure 2, Appendices) of strategic alliances comprises three airs of competing forces-namely, cooperation versus competition, rigidity versus flexibility, and short-term versus long-term orientations (Das, Teng 2000). Competition is defined as pursuing ones own interest at the expense of others, while cooperation is the pursuit of mutual interests and common benefits in alliances. This tension of cooperation versus competition is most salient in selecting alliance partners, the first of three major stages in the alliance making process, along with structuring and managing an alliance (Das, Teng 1997). In conclusion, the stability and success of trategic alliances will be inversely related to the difference between the cooperation level and the competition level. Rigidity refers to the characteristics of mutual to adapt, unencumbered by rigid arrangements. The dominance of either flexibility or rigidity may change the status quo and trigger the evolution of a new structure, which leads to unsuccessful alliances. Therefore, the stability of strategic alliances will be inversely related to the difference between the rigidity level and the flexibility level. Short-term orientation views strategic alliances as transitional in nature, with a emand for quick and tangible results, whereas long-term orientation regards alliances as at least semi permanent entities, so that more patience and commitment are exercised. A strategy that reflects only one temporal orientation is not compatible with the foundation for a sustainable strategic alliance, in other words the stability of strategic alliances will be inversely related to the difference between the short-term orientation and the long-term orientation. Furthermore, the three internal pairs of contradictory forces are interrelated within an evolving system, resulting in the ollowing propositions, namely that the levels of rigidity and cooperation will be positively related when the partners have a short-term orientation in strategic alliances. However, a negative relatedness at a high level of rigidity, cooperation and rigidity (Das, Teng 2000). will be negatively related when the partners have a long- term orientation in strategic alliances (Das, Teng 2000). According to Das and Teng (2000) the contradictions and tensions in these force-pairs may lead to an overthrow of the status quo namely, the strategic alliance. Strategic alliances can nevertheless e sustained and successful if a careful balance between these competing forces can be maintained. According to Todeva and Knoke (2005) external factors influence alliance formation, due to differing economic condition and organizational frameworks in partnering countries; these can include legal requirements, price controls, distribution channels and contract enforcement. Furthermore, these regulative state activities comprehend the freedom when firms are forming alliances. Moreover, the formation of an alliance necessitates the authorization of national governments. Additionally, of influence to the formation of alliances is the omplicated collection of relations visible with firms, such as business associations, local governments and elite universities. On an industrial note alliances are influenced on an interflrm basis by direct impacts, where the decision on which activities to internalize is based on severity of competition within the industry and the organization of ad hoc product markets, in the challenge for increased market share, the cooperation for specific advantages and the process of internationalization (Todeva, Knoke 2005) . The partner under consideration for the formation of an alliance is in a certain sense an external factor. Firms are susceptible in the case of partnering with a dominant firm (Pennings 1994), due to technical and economic rationales. Thus, technology is a specific part of the process to establishing organizational boundaries as well as intrinsic structures. Of importance to alliances is obtaining research and development advantages, which to certain extent differs across industries on terms of expenses and the sources provided by the government (Todeva, Knoke 2005). Every alliance design commences with negotiations, thereafter the phase of structuring the alliance in which various aspects are aligned, such as he objectives of both parties, organizational structures, functional operations and cultures (Ring, van de Ven 1994). The distinguishing of phases through which strategic alliances evolve plays an essential role in the development toward successful alliances, which according to Bronder and Pritzl (1992) evolves through the three stages, which are categorized as strategic decision, confguration of strategic alliance and partner selection. Where Bronder and Pritzl terminate their research on the establishment of phases other researchers continue in identifying essential phases, for the reason that partner election as final phase represents an incomplete evolution of strategic alliances. With regard to the research conducted by Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001), the identification of strategic alliance phases resulted in a five phase path through which strategic alliances evolve, namely strategic analysis and decision to cooperate, search for a partner, designing the partnership, implementation and management of the partnership and finally termination. When comparing both Bronder and Pritzls (1992) and Hoffman and Schlossers (2001) phases, a comparison is visible in the primary hases of strategic alliances, namely the strategic analysis and decision to cooperate (Hoffmann, Schlosser 2001) which corresponds with the strategic decision phase from Bronder and Pritzl (1992). Furthermore, the partner selection phase is visible in both frameworks on strategic alliance phase. The main difference between the two studies is the more detailed approach from Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001) also distinguishing phases after the partner selection process. Finally, a study building on Waddocks (1989) work, which suggests that strategic alliances progress through hree phases, which are identified as initiation, establishment and maturity, Wohlstetter, Smith and Malloy (2005) consistently debated that the strategic alliances process is organized into three similar phases namely initiation, operations and evaluation. When comparing these views with the earlier stated reasoning on strategic alliance phases merely a fguration is enabled as to which phases from Bronder and Pritzl (1992) and Hoffmann and Schlosser (2001) are in comparison with Wohlstetters et al (2005) view and could be placed within their views, for example the artner selection phase distinguished the above stated views is probably placed within the initiation phase identified by Wohlstetter et al. (2005). In order to provide this thesis with an in-depth view on the phases through which strategic alliances evolve a combination of the three above stated views is implemented. Phase 1: Strategic Decision According to Bronder and Pritzl (1992) a clarification of the firms position is to be analyzed, refer ably because this is identified as the first direction toward alliance formation. Pumpin (1987), states that the evaluation of the actual situation of the firm s identified by exploring its mission, possible values and core competencies. Additionally, the firm identifies the reasoning behind incorporating an alliance strategy. According to Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1996), Harrigan (1985), Link and Bauer (1989), Pisano (1991) and Teece (1992) technological change faced by firms is related to the favorability toward flexible organizational forms like alliances. Additionally, Ciborra (1991) and Oster (1992) state that high-tech industries, in which learning and flexibility are key characteristics, will preferably choose alliances, lexibility, firms favorably adopt a merger and acquisition strategy. The flexibility of strategic alliances is suitable as organizational structure due to the fast expiring of new knowledge and the lengthy learning time from partners (Eisenhardt, Schoonhoven, 1996; Hagedoorn 1993). Furthermore, these flexible organizational structures appear more effectively in uncertain environmental situations when adjusting to changes (Lawrence, Lorsch 1967; Pffeffer, Salancik 1978). In continuation of Powells (1996) view, Hagedoorn and Duysters (2002) predict that strategic alliance xperience positively contribute to choosing alliances as instrument for obtaining external innovative capabilities. This view is aligned with that of Kogut et al. (1992) and Gulati (1993) who accentuate the relationship between actual alliance formation and past alliances, however emphasize on a more social basis. Therefore, the formation of strategic alliances is dependent on both strategic as well as social factors. According to Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1996), an extension of the resource-based view provides a basis for examining the relationship through which alliances form by means of strategic and social resources. This research study contributed numerous outcomes on strategic alliances to existing literature, namely that increasingly challenging market conditions and Jeopardous organizational strategies result into an increase of alliance formations as an organizational change process. Additionally, of importance to the rate of formation of alliances are managerial characteristics, visible when large, experienced teams were implemented through previous employers, the rates of alliances increased (Eisenhardt, Schoonhoven 1996). In conclusion of their research Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven 1996) state that in cases of either a vulnerable strategic situations or a strong social situation the likelihood of the formation of strategic alliances increase. Phase 2: Initiation Phase The initiation phase is characterized by informal structures and communication channels as the critical issue is the development and understanding of the purpose for strategic alliances (Waddock 1989). According to Hitt et al. 1997), the potential intentions to be realized behind entering into strategic alliances are categorized into three market types 1) namely markets characterized by slow cycle, which adopt trategic alliances for original intentions such as the gaining of access to restricted markets, establishing franchises in a new market and maintaining market stability 2) in markets characterized by a standard cycle amongst the intentions able to be achieved are the gaining of market power and access to complementary resources, over coming trade barriers, gaining knowledge and learning about new business techniques 3) in the final market, the fast cycle, the achievable goals are the speeding up of the entry of new products and services in addition to new markets, maintaining he market leadership position, sharing the risky Research and Development expenses and overcoming uncertainty. Furthermore, several internal conditions drive the initiation phase including, a champion taking responsibility, complementary needs and assets, compatible goals and trust. According to Waddock (1989), the main responsibility of the champion is the guidance of the organization through the initiation phase, especially visible in the process of partner selection. Stated in the initiation phase is essential for identifying needs in addition to the process of partner selection. Complementary needs and assets appear in various different forms, however is one of the main reasons for partnering (Oliver 1990; Robertson 1998). Additionally, the main goal of partnering is achieving compatible goals among the partners, which might not have been achieved otherwise (Austin 2000; Das, Teng 1998; Kanter 1994; Oliver 1990; Robertson 1998; Spillett 1999). Finally, the initiation phase stands no chance without trust, which is mainly established through existing networks (Austin, 2000; Waddock 1989; Waide 1999), within these networks similar interests are the main characteristic. Phase 3: Partner Selection The purpose behind strategic alliance partnering is to initiate and prolong a long- term partnership, which enables more effective competition with others firms which are positioned outside the partnership Carillo 1988; Walker, Poppo 1991). The crucial decision toward the correct partner selection is the primary focus after pursuing this alliance strategy (Hitt, Tyler, Hardee, Park 1995). According to Koot (1988) the selecting of a partner is a complex process however crucial to the success of an alliance. In the partner selection process perspectives of both resource-based and organizational earning provide an explanation as to why certain partners are selected (Barkema, Bell, Pennings 1996). In explanation, firms own certain resource endowments (Barney 1991) however, in order to obtain a competitive position in a specific market supplementary resources are necessary (Hitt, Nixon, Clifford, Coyne 1999), which is the main objective for engaging in strategic alliances. Hitt et al. (2000) argues that of importance to the partner selection process is the firms embeddedness in both emerging markets and developed markets. Furthermore, the access to necessary esources for leveraging as well as the obtaining of capabilities for learning are primary reasons for the selection of partners. Table 1 in the Appendices, state the concluding outcomes on the selection of partners by Hitt et al. (2000), which explains the fundamental elements of the process toward partner selection. Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1996) and Dacin and Olivers (1997) view state that legitimacy enhancements are an additional intention for establishing alliances, therefore the partner selection process is focused on those providing strong intangible assets, for example strong reputations. According to Bronder and Pritzl (1992) critical to the partner selection process is the establishment of fundamental, strategic and cultural fit. This fundamental fit is achieved if a win-win situation for both parties is established and potential value is increased. The strategic fit is realized when the alliance involves partners with harmony of the business plans. Finally, the cultural fit is an essential success factor for partner selection, which is accomplished after acceptance of cultural differences among the partners. Phase 4: Designing the Partnership Niederkofler (1991) argues that the negotiation process must essentially interpret learly understandable resources and interests of the partners involved, in order for the creation of strategic and organizational fit to be achieved, which will direct the accomplished through open and detailed communication, circumventing hidden agendas of any sort. The consequence of this open communication translates into a coherent attitude of sincerity toward the different partners, which demands trust. In addition to strategic fit, the negotiation process also initiates a solid basis for the enforcement of an operational fit within the partnership, which can be viewed in Figure 1 of the Appendices. An important aspect of the negotiation process is the creation of flexibility, which is increased through contract provisions in addition to developing and prolonging of trust. The process of conquering complexity in operations embarks with the communication of the discovered complexity, followed by a tracking and solving of this difficulty, which results in the avoidance of any operational unalignments. The flexibility within the partnering arrangement, in addition to trust, permits renegotiation processes within the partnership; however a coherent basis must be accomplished (Niederkofler 1991). The success of alliances is highly dependent on a competent and effective alignment, therefore of importance is the designing of the partnership, thus the structure implemented. This structure is in need of a fine constructed collection of strategy, procedures and management views, which can be viewed as the internal alignment (Miles, Snow 1994). In the process of obtaining internal alignment interests as well as environmental aspects must be balanced between the partners, enabling a profitable situation (Douma, Bilderbeek, Idenburg, Looise 2000). Additionally, their framework, Figure 3, Appendices, stress the act that the five features must sufficiently be aligned to prevent failure. One of the features, namely strategic fit, is established when expected advantages and possible risks are weighed against that of the individual interests in the alliance. Various driver of strategic fit can be identified, starting with a shared vision. Further conditions necessary for strategic fit are compatibility of strategies (Brouthers, Brouthers, Wilkinson 1993), strategic importance (Doz 1988), acceptance into the market and mutual dependency. In addition to strategic fit, organizational fit is a ecessity, however due to the differences in many aspects, such as market position, organizational structure and views, management style, this is a complex task. By clarifying these differences an understanding between partners is achieved. Numerous drivers toward organizational fit are identified, namely as stated above the addressing of organizational differences (Doz 1988) furthermore, essential drivers are facilitating strategic and organizational flexibility, minimal complexity to enhance manageability (Killing 1988), efficient management control, enhancing long-term tability by investigating possible strategic conflicts and finally, the achievement of the strategic objective. Of influence, however to lesser extent are the three remaining features in the framework, which are human, operational and cultural fit. Human fit is particularly of importance in alliances processes (Boersma 1999) and according to Lewis (1990) the cultural fit is specifically an issue among employers and employees, which translates to their functioning in for example boardrooms. Finally, operational fit, also relates to the functioning of the alliance and is often susceptible to various ontingencies, therefore must be aligned. Research and Development activities have gradually evolved since the 1980s (Peterson, 1991). Creamer (1976) and Pearce (1989) identified three primary types of Research and Development activities, namely basic purpose is an understanding of the inherent and fundamental scientific development, however disregarding commercial applications. Furthermore, applied research employs knowledge conceived from the basic research to certain dimensions such as technical problems or related commercial technology aspects. In conclusion, basic research generates new facts and theories which are thereafter roven through applied research. These proven facts are generated into products and processes in the development stadium. The intention of development activities is the configuration of applied research contributions into commercially feasible products, processes and technologies Oansen 1995; Jones, Davis 2000). Phase 5: Implementation and Management of the Partnership The role of the management of strategic alliances is valuable for the progression of the alliance toward a successful outcome, however it is complex to manage (Koza, Lewin 2000). An important aspect in serving this complexity is the acquiring of nowledge from past engaging in alliances, which provides meaningful know-how to be leveraged (Kale, Dyer, Singh 2001). The framework of the four Cs of learning and leveraging alliance know how provides a tool for obtaining valuable knowledge. The four components in the framework are, capture, codify, communicate and create, and coach (Kale, Dyer, Singh 2001), also visible in Figure 4, Appendices. Capture refers to managements role of accessing and obtaining of valuable alliance insights and past experiences. To codify past experiences and practices contributes to the accomplishing of alliance specific needs. In order to have a common thread through the organization on these past knowledge practices, communication is essential in sharing experiences. Additionally, the creation of networks within the alliance facilitates the distribution of these valuable experiences and knowledge. Intrinsically executed coaching and education programs increase the ability to obtain alliance skills. An additional benefit from coaching is the establishment of informal social networks, which provides assistance in key situations. Furthermore, networks are critical to the development of opportunities, the assessing of concepts and obtaining esources in order to construct the new partnership (Aldrich, Zimmer 1986). The incorporation of social networks within a firm improves communication between partners, which in turn results in improved decision making processes (Gulati 1993). Various intentions for the implementation of networks can be identified, one specific is the preserving of advantages (Lorenzoni, Baden- Fuller 1995). According to Madhaven, Koka and Prescott (1998) the initiation of inter-organizational networks is created by exogenous factors, which could include competition background and specific industrial activities. Building on this theory, Gulati et al. (1997) argues that the initiation of these inter-organizational networks is dependent on two aspects, namely exogenous resource dependencies, which achieve motivation of the cooperation and an endogenous embeddedness dynamic, which in turn familiarizes toward partner selection. According to Stinchcombe (1990), in flows of network information meaningful views are discovered,